No. 1, Volume 2  January 1998

The author was born in São Paulo, Brazil, in 1942. After dropping out of high school, he taught English and moonlighted as a translator for several years. In 1970, Danilo suddenly landed a job as a translator with a major CPA firm in Brazil and decided he wanted to be a full-time translator. This job catapulted him into a free-lance career in translation as a specialist in accounting, finance, corporate law and taxation—areas he had no previous background in.
  The Translation Journal asked Danilo where he had learned to write English. “Well,” he answered, “a professional translator has to pay close attention to the style of the original. You know, ‘why is it said this way and not that way?.’ Then you start memorizing the formulas you like best. The third step is just using those formulas to express what you want, just like in a substitution drill.”
   Because the Brazilian insurance market is now open to foreign companies, there is a growing demand for translation in that area and Danilo is preparing an English <->Portuguese Dictionary of Insurance Terms that is to be published early next year.

Danilo can be reached at danilo.tradutor@uol.com.br

by Danilo Nogueira
 

Before attempting to explain what a Brazilian bank must call a van Gogh, let me try to explain how Brazilian banks prepare their financial statements and how this affects their form and content, as well as Dutch painters.
  Brazilian banks are organized as Sociedades Anônimas and, as such, must publish financial statements in agreement with the rules laid down by the Lei das Sociedades por Ações a.k.a. Lei das S.A. (Business Corporation Act, Law 6404/76, S.A. Law, or Companies’ Act—none of them satisfactory translations). In addition, as financial institutions, they are subject to the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários—CVM (Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission). Finally, they are subject to the Banco Central do Brasil—BACEN (Central Bank of Brazil), each of which has added something to the original Lei das S.A. requirements.

Inflation Accounting
Law 6404/76 (the number means that this was the 6404th law enacted in 1976) created the indexation system known as correção monetária (indexation). This, in turn, required the creation of a new asset group ativo permanente. Ativo permanente means “all assets subject to indexation under Law 6404/76.” The group includes fixed assets, investments and deferred charges.
  There is no good translation for Ativo Permanente. You may use permanent assets, but this is a calque and open to misunderstanding. Alternatively, you can use fixed assets, investments and deferred charges, which is far too long. Usually, in the balance sheet itself, I use permanent assets because space is at a premium and the general layout will show any accountant what it is all about. In the Notes to Financial Statements, I often use permanent assets (fixed assets, investments, and deferred charges) the first time around, because there is more room and the explanation will be more necessary. If the term appears a second time, permanent assets will do in most cases.
  Much later, CVM implemented the correção monetária integral (full indexation), a system under which all assets had to be indexed, not only those deemed permanent. This rendered the permanent asset group useless, and should have allowed banks to revert to a more universally understood grouping of accounts.
  However, CVM cannot exempt anyone from a legal requirement such as correção monetária, and thus banks had to publish financial statements with two columns of numbers, one labeled pela legislação societária (in accordance with the provisions of the business corporation act—often shortened to per S.A. Law in translation) and the other pela correção integral (fully indexed). The fact that often one column showed a profit and the other a loss may have been a source of concern to foreign analysts, but Brazilians knew exactly what that meant.
  Both forms of indexation have been extinguished but will be found in financial statements up to 1996 and the ativo permanente is still there.

The Standard Charts of Accounts—COBAN and COSIF
All Brazilian financial institutions are required to use a standard chart of accounts, known as COSIF, an acronym for Plano Contábil das Instituições do Sistema Financeiro Nacional (Standard Chart of Accounts for Brazilian Financial Institutions). COSIF replaced COBAN, the older chart, in 1988.
  COSIF has been created by a Central Bank Circular (Circular Letter) and may thus be updated by other Circular Letters from time to time to meet changing requirements. It is a very detailed chart and is constructed on a strict four-level plan. Let me show you how this works.
  Imagine BrazilBank holds a controlling interest in PeruLease, a Peruvian company. Check your friendly COSIF manual; it will show

2. [Ativo] Permanente (Permanent Assets)
2.1 Investimentos (Investment)
......
2.1.2 Participações em Coligadas e Controladas (Interest in associated and controlled companies)
....
2.1.2.10.20-2 Participações em Coligadas e Controladas Avaliadas pelo Método de Equivalênca Patrimonial—no Exterior (Interest in associated and controlled companies valued by the equity method—Foreign)

... and there you are. Account 2.1.2.10.20-2 is exactly what you wanted. There are other accounts on the same level for local companies, premium on investment and other strange information banks must disclose in their balance sheets. The longer 10.00-6 tag leaves the Central Bank some maneuvering room for updating the chart, which is done often enough.
  So, there is never any doubt about where you should pigeonhole something.

Repeats, other, miscellaneous and sundry
Nice and tidy, no doubt. Also easy to use. Bean counters may change jobs and continue charging and crediting the same accounts as if nothing had happened. It also makes for a high degree of comparability, always desirable in the case of financial statements. It also has its shortcomings, however.

First of all, BrazilBank cannot just show its interest in PeruLease (Peru), under

Equity: R$ XXXX

in its balance sheet. No matter what, it must write out the full name of the account and the full names of all of its controlling (upper level) accounts, even if BrazilBank has just this single investment. Of course, if BrazilBank has just this single investment, accounts 2.1, 2.1.2 and 2.1.2.10.20-2 will show the same balance.
  In addition, BrazilBank cannot simply merge smaller balances into, say, a mere Investment account. All must be detailed down to the fourth level.
  This results in extremely long balance sheets. A very large US bank may summarize its assets in about 15 lines, but a small Brazilian bank often needs more than 45 lines for the same purpose, not bad if the market seems to be a bit slow at the moment.
  Second, even the most detailed system can not cover every detail and COSIF is liberally sprinkled with “other” to accommodate what does not fit anywhere else. For instance, there is no specific account for interests not accounted for by the equity method. So, such investments go into 2.1.2.10.99-6 Outras Sociedades (Other Companies).
  This is all very good if BrazilBank has investments in companies of several types and 2.1.2.10.99-6 is used as a basket account for some minor holdings. It does look ridiculous, however, when the only investment is a $10,000 holding in Xptosa and this investment, for whatever reason, is not accounted for by the equity method:
 

[Ativo] Permanente	X,XXX,XXX
.....
Investimentos	10,000
Participações em Coligadas e Controladas	10,000
Participações em Coligadas e Controladas—Outras Sociedades	10,000

In other words, we’ll have “other” without anything before it and two accounts that control a single account each. This only makes sense if you have a complete copy of COSIF before you to sort things out. Unfortunately, neither the reader nor the translator are likely to, and so what was intended to provide maximum clarity actually results in maximum obscurity.
  Things can get a lot worse, however. The apex, I believe, is to be found in 1.9.8.10.99.9:

1. Ativo (Assets)
....
1.9 Outros Valores e Bens (Other Assets)
.....
1.9.8 Outros Valores e Bens (Other Assets)
1.9.8.10.00-9 Bens não de uso próprio (Assets not used in banking operations)
.....
1.9.8.10.99.9 Outros (Other)

You will notice that we have Outros Valores e Bens twice in a row. That is not my mistake; that is how it stands in the COSIF chart. But the average reader will think I am crazy. So I cheat a little and translate that as

1. Ativo (Assets)
....
1.9 Outros Valores e Bens (Other Assets)
.....
1.9.8 Outros Valores e Bens (Miscellaneous)
1.9.8.10.00-9 Bens não de uso próprio (Assets not used in banking operations)
.....
1.9.8.10.99.9 Outros (Sundry)

The big question is: what goes into that account? Easy. Account code 1.9.8.10.00-9 is for assets owned by the bank that cannot be used in banking operations. Mostly stuff received from insolvent debtors. There are specific 5-digit tags for imóveis (real estate—in this particular case what a US Bank would call OREO, Other Real Estate Owned) veículos e afins (vehicles and similar assets), etc.—but not for works of art. So, if the bank can not collect a debt and accepts a van Gogh in accord and satisfaction (dação em pagamento), it is an Ativo, Outros Valores e Bens, Outros Valores e Bens, Bens não de Uso Próprio, Outros. Now you know. What? You had forgotten about the van Gogh? Sorry about that.