In the preface of this dictionary, Karmi points out that idiomatic usages of the headwords, if they have any, are listed in the subentries of those headwords. EPVs, he elaborates "are also listed after the main verb headword, together with the idiomatic usages" (p. xi). Therefore, we find the EPV to use up under the verb use (p. 1563), and under the verb run we find the EPVs to run about, to run across, to run against, to run away, to run down, to run into, to run on, to run out, to run over to run through, etc. (pp. 1185-1186).

On the other hand, adjectives and nouns derived from EPVs are given main and separate entries such as the adjective worn-out (p. 1657), and the noun work-out (p. 1655).

As far as coverage is concerned, Al-Mughni Al-Akbar has taken up the question of EPVs in more detail than Al-Mawrid in terms of the number of the listed EPVs and the examples provided to illustrate them in contexts. Yet it is far from being comprehensive in comparison with the monolingual English-English dictionaries of PVs,. Examples of EPVs which have been skipped include: zoom in, zoom out, win away, mock up, rock up, tough out, print out and chew out among others.

This dictionary has been described by Holes (1994) as "[...] the most commonly used work" (p. 163). However, like in the previously mentioned two dictionaries, EPVs are not accorded separate entries in it. Instead, they are listed beneath their root verbs. The EPV bring up, for instance, is listed under its root verb bring (p. 157), and the EPVs look away, look back, look for, look over, and look through are listed under their basic verb look (pp. 719-720).

On the other hand, nouns and adjectives derived from EPVs are specified in separate entries such as the noun pull-out (p. 1004), and the adjective lock-up (p. 715).

This general dictionary, like the others, is by no means comprehensive in its coverage of EPVs. Thus, many of them are skipped, such as: bid up, dine in, juice up, pig out, and scan in among others.

It is very noticeable that the quality and quantity of bilingual English-Arabic dictionaries dedicated to EPVs are much lower than their counterparts of English-English dictionaries of PVs. There are, to the best of my knowledge and research, only two bilingual English-Arabic dictionaries of PVs. In this paper they will be commented on in the chronological order of their publication. The aim here is to explore the ways by which the compilers of these specialized dictionaries have tackled the phenomenon of EPVs. In so doing, one can pinpoint the gaps that need to be breached.

3.1 English Phrasal Verbs in Arabic

This specialized dictionary was compiled by Kamal Khalaili, and published by Hodder and Stoughton in 1979. It seems to be the first one of its kind, i.e. it is the first bilingual English-Arabic dictionary which is entirely devoted to deal with the question of EPVs.

It must be pointed out that the book is intended for students in the Arabic-speaking world (p. 5). It aims, according to its compiler, "to illustrate the different meanings in context of a practical and representative selection of the most useful and widely used phrasal verbs—both in spoken and written English" (p. 5). Therefore, it is divided into forty-four sections, each of which is devoted to one particular basic verb. Under each one of such verbs "the numerous combinations it can make with different prepositions or particles" (p. 5) are listed. The section devoted to the basic verb catch, for instance, contains the following combinations: catch on, catch out, and catch up (p. 33).

Like monolingual English-English dictionaries of PVs, this dictionary has provided grammatical information about each listed EPV to indicate whether it is transitive or intransitive, and, in case it is transitive, whether it is separable or inseparable.

Furthermore, each EPV is "given a definition in straightforward English" (p. 5). The EPV back up, for example, is defined as "give support to" (p. 11), and wear off as "disappear; pass away" (p. 163). In addition, each definition is followed by two examples "to fix the context" (p. 5). For instance, the EPV hold with (to approve of; to agree with) is given the following two examples: "We don't hold with Communism and all that it stands for. Do you hold with smoking in cinemas?" (p. 80).

Moreover, each listed EPV is "translated into the appropriate Arabic equivalent" (p. 5). For example, the Arabic equivalents عاملَ، تقدّمَ، فهمَ are given to the EPVs: do by (p. 45), get along (with) (p. 54), and make out (p. 104) respectively.

In addition, the polysemic EPVs have been accounted for. The EPV knock up, for instance, is given the following three meanings: 1) rouse; awaken صحّى ، أيقظ, 2) prepare quickly أعد بسرعة, 3) exhaust أرهق ، أنهك (p. 87). Whereas the EPV pass away is given the following two meanings: 1) die مات ، قضى نحبه, 2) disappear; vanish زال ، تلاشى (p. 107).

Another noticeable feature is the exercises provided at the end of each section and their key which is attached at the back of the dictionary. The purpose of providing such exercises, as the compiler puts it, is to "give student and teacher extra material to practise the correct and appropriate usage of these phrases" (p. 5).

No claim, however, has been made by the compiler "to be comprehensive or academically rigorous" (p. 5). Hence, the forty-four basic verbs, covered in this book, and the EPVs produced by combining them with some particles and/or prepositions are by no means exhaustive. Scores of EPVs have been disregarded by omitting their basic verbs. By skipping the verb fly, for example, such EPVs as fly across, fly away, fly off, fly out, fly over, and fly up, which are produced by combining it with some particles and/or prepositions, are omitted as a result. And by dropping the basic verb zoom, such EPVs as zoom across, zoom along, zoom in, zoom off, zoom out, zoom over, and zoom up are dropped.

3.2 York Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs and Their Idioms

This specialized dictionary was compiled by Mohammad M. H. Heleil, and first published by Librairie du Liban in 2000. It is an English-English-Arabic dictionary based on the monolingual English-English Dictionary of English Phrasal Verbs and their Idioms compiled by McArthur and Atkins (1974).

In his endeavor to provide Arabic equivalents to the listed EPVs, Heleil adopts the work of McArthur and Atkins (1974) entirely from A to Z. That is, the list of EPVs, their definitions, glosses, classification, examples, and the special labels used to provide grammatical information, the field, and the style are also replicated. The only change made by Heleil to the original dictionary, other than providing the Arabic equivalents, is the division of the dictionary into 26 sections according to the English alphabet.

It should be remembered that the original Dictionary of English Phrasal Verbs and their Idioms has been the source of not only Heleil, but also many other lexicographers and bilingual dictionaries compilers. McArthur and Atkins (1974) point out that "[t]he list of verbs and the classification adopted [in their dictionary] have also served as the basis for entering phrasal verbs and their translation equivalents in Collins bilingual dictionaries (English to French, German, Italian and Swahili)" (pp. 8-9).

Heleil, however, indicates, in the preface of the book, that his work is intended for Arabic translators, claiming that it is a new work of its kind in that it contains, in addition to the monolingual English-English dictionary where the EPVs are glossed in the source language, the English-Arabic part, which can help Arabic translators render the EPVs in the target language (Arabic). Heleil maintains that in so doing he creates a new method in the field of lexicography. Such a method, according to him, concentrates on: 1) providing the Arabic translator with the English text as it has been done by the compilers of the dictionary; 2) providing the Arabic translator with an Arabic text which can help him in translating the EPVs by knowing their contextual equivalents and their collocations; 3) providing the Arabic translator with a number of synonyms to convey the shades of meaning; 4) Adding vowel signs to the Arabic text to help the translator (Arabic native speaker or otherwise) read it correctly; 5) treating the EPVs which have never been tackled by bilingual Arabic-English dictionaries, or have been partially translated by giving some of their meanings and ignoring the others; 6) providing the collocations of some EPVs which their collocations are not clearly stated in the English text; 7) providing the Arabic equivalent which expresses the meaning of a given EPV, and not necessarily constitutes the same grammatical class. Such an equivalent may range between one word and an expression consisting of more than one word (The Arabic preface, not numbered) [my translation].

In translating the listed EPVs, Heleil does not translate into Arabic the information given in the English text. Hence, no attempt has been made by him to tell the Arabic readership whether a given EPV is transitive or intransitive, separable or fused (non-separable), British or American, formal or slang. He confines himself, in this regard, to providing the English text. The Arabic equivalent [الأصدقاء] زار, for instance, is given to the EPV visit with without mentioning that it is a transitive, separable American PV (p. 297).

Moreover, the majority of the illustrative examples given in the English text are not translated by Heleil. He gives only the Arabic equivalent of the EPV associated, in square brackets, with a word or some words which typically collocate with it. Most of such collocations provided by Heleil are mentioned in the English examples. The EPV wet through, for example, is illustrated in the English text by the following two examples: The rain has wet us through; He's wet through. And translated into Arabic as: بللنا تماما [المطر] where the word (rain) typically collocates with wet through (p. 305).

Heleil presents his own Arabic preface at the beginning of the book, and disregards the introduction of the original monolingual dictionary where valuable information is included such as: defining the phenomenon of EPVs, classifying them, identifying the reasons behind the difficulties posed by them, indicating their register variations, and outlining the special features of the dictionary (cf. McArthur & Atkins, 1974, pp. 5-9). Such an omission has prevented the Arabic readership from understanding some special features of the English text. A number of EPVs, for instance, are listed as 'special entries' in the English text and marked with asterisks. The compilers justify such a distinction by claiming that "a large number of phrasal forms are simply the grammatical operation of verbs of movement plus particle of direction" (pp. 6-7). Heleil, on the other hand, does not explain to the Arabic readership in his preface what the asterisks, which appear with some entries, mean.

With regard to coverage, the compilers of the original monolingual dictionary have made no claim to be exhaustive, neither in the number of the listed EPVs nor in the number of meanings given to each one of them (McArthur & Atkins, 1974). Therefore the comparison between this dictionary and other specialized monolingual English-English dictionaries has revealed that many EPVs have not been covered. As a result, Arabic translators, for whom the York Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs and Their Idioms has been compiled, will find a number of EPVs listed in other monolingual English-English dictionaries but not covered by bilingual English-Arabic dictionaries of EPVs such as the one at hand.

To sum up, the comparison between bilingual English-Arabic dictionaries of EPVs and monolingual English-English dictionaries of EPVs shows that the former are far less numerous and of lower quality in terms of the number of covered EPVs and the information given to gloss, classify, and illustrate them. In spite of the fact that the specialized bilingual English- Arabic dictionaries of EPVs, like the monolingual English-English dictionaries of EPVs, have provided grammatical information of the listed EPVs to indicate whether it is transitive, intransitive, separable or non-separable, English Phrasal Verbs in Arabic disregards fundamental information such as: the register variations of EPVs, derivation of nouns and adjectives from EPVs, types of words typically collocate with them, synonyms and antonyms of EPVs and the complex idioms and fixed expressions in which EPVs constitute integral parts. Finally, the bilingual Arabic-English dictionaries of EPVs are by no means comprehensive in their coverage. As it has been previously mentioned, there are a number of EPVs which have been skipped over, leaving the translators, interpreters and learners of English with no choice but to work them out individually and create Arabic equivalents for them, which may or may not be accurate.